More People and Ever Expanding Responsibilities in New Hampshire

Officer David Walsh, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department

In 1950 there were 38 conservation officers in New Hampshire. The state’s population was half a million.

Today the state population has nearly tripled to 1.4 million, and tourism has increased from nearby population centers of Boston, Baltimore and New York. Snowmobiling is popular. ATV use is exploding. They have added spring and fall turkey seasons to enforce. They have a limited moose season now.

They still have only 38 conservation officers.  David Walsh, 44, is one of those officers.  He’s a 19 year veteran, currently a lieutenant with the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.  Considering weekend duty and vacations that usually means there are about 15 wardens in the field on any given day in New Hampshire.

Hiking is extremely popular in the state, both in mountain areas and on the Appalachian Trail, which passes through the state. Helping people who have become injured or lost while hiking in remote areas is a now a major part of their work load, a “partially funded” mandate, he said. ATV use is the fastest growing outdoor sport, again requiring search and rescue from wardens. A dollar from the ATV registration fee goes to search and rescue, but most years that falls about $200,000 short of what they spend on ATV-related rescues. Hikers can fill out a voluntary hiking card that brings in about $60,000 annually to the department.

Meanwhile, they still have to perform their traditional job of regulating hunting and fishing. “We definitely spend more of our time now on the non-consumptive user than the consumptive user,” he said.

The number of hunters in the state has dropped slightly in recent years. The number of fishing licenses have remained the same.  They have 14 miles of coastline.

Wild turkeys were reintroduced to the state in the 1970s and 1980s and are doing well. They now have spring and fall turkey seasons.  They have moose – more than Vermont, fewer than Maine, he said.

They started a moose hunting season in the mid 1980s.  At its peak they were issuing over 600 moose permits per year. In recent years they have been issuing around 50.  Moose numbers have dropped, probably related to stress caused by winter ticks, he said.  The trend in milder winters has been helping the ticks.

The focus of the International Conservation Chief’s Academy has been on preventing wildlife tracking. Walsh suspects there is reptile trafficking going on and possibly other trafficking, but they don’t have the manpower to investigate it, Walsh said.  “To really get a handle on that, in my, opinion, you need a covert operation. That means extra staff, extra training,” he said.

Given the demands on the 38 conservation officers, the state Legislature would have to prioritize wildlife trafficking and allocate additional funding in order for us to effectively to pursue wildlife traffickers, he said. 

Walsh grew up near Boston, but spent summers as a youth in New Hampshire.  After a chance meeting with a warden at age six, he decided this was something he might like to do.  It’s been a great career, despite some obvious challenges.  “There is a different challenge every day, and a conservation officer's office is in the woods,” he said.   Walsh encourages young people to consider a career in conservation law enforcement.

Protecting Resources: the Wildlife Violator Compact

Mike England

National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, West Virginia---Hunters and anglers who have had their license privileges taken away in one state are also out of luck if they want to hunt or fish in 45 other states.

That is because 45 states have adopted the Wildlife Violator Compact, which is a pro-active approach to deter violators from hunting and fishing in other states when their license privileges have been revoked in their home state.

Mike England,  a Captain in the Law Enforcement Division of the GeorgiaDepartment of Natural Resources told 42 African conservation officials attendingtheInternational Conservation Chief’s Academy (ICCA)  that the Violator’s Compact was modeled after the Driver’s License Compact, where a suspended license in one state is honored by other states.

“The idea began in 1985 when Nevada and Colorado agreed that they didn’t want violators from the other state to be hunting in their state, and then in 1989 Oregon joined and created a formal program,” England said.

By 2003 all of the western states were members of the compact and today 45 states are members. Nebraska will become the 46th state to join the compact effective November 7, 2017 and New Jersey will become the 47th state to join the compact effective December 1, 2017.

“Today, every state other than, Hawaii, Delaware, and Rhode Island have joined the Compact,” England said.

The requirements are that the state must provide legal authority, by passing a law or resolution in the legislature, giving authority for the state to participate.  The state then agrees to comply with the rules of the Compact and sends an agreement to the chair of the Wildlife Violator Compact.

The Compact keeps a database of revoked privileges to hunt and fish.

“The Compact is important because of the mobility of law violators in order to protect and manage our wildlife resources for the benefit of all sportsmen,” England said.

The Compact also provides a strong incentive for a violator who receives a ticket but does not show up for court to pay up for their violation to appear in court or post bond.  If they do not show up in court or pay their violation, the compact can suspend their license.  Once the person posts bond, that can then be removed.

The Compact also benefits states by allowing reciprocal recognition of license suspension, and allows conservation officers to stay in the field enforcing laws rather than having to take a non-resident violator to the local courthouse.  

Adapting the North American Model of Conservation to New Realities

Passenger pigeons were once so abundant in North America that their flocks blocked the sun for days as they passed. Individual flocks may have numbered up to 12 billion. The North American population may have numbered as many as 50 billion.

“We killed them all,” said Shane Mahoney, an authority on wildlife who has written extensively for both popular and academic publications.

Shane Mahoney

Mahoney spoke to an audience that included wildlife officials from 17 African nations and state and federal conservation wardens from about 30 states on the “North American Wildlife Model” – how wildlife in North America have been managed.

He acknowledged that these methods may not be the best for every country. “No single model or approach to natural resources is going to meet every circumstance,” he said.  

There is global concern for population declines among several species of African wildlife, including elephants, lions and rhinoceroses, but by the late 1800s many North American species had been reduced to much smaller populations, mostly because of commercial exploitation. As rail lines were built it became easier to ship wildlife to eastern markets.

Bison were reduced from 20 or 30 million animals to less than 100.  Elk were reduced to a small population in Yellowstone National Park where they had to be guarded by the U.S. Cavalry to keep poachers from killing what remained. Wild turkeys were down to a few thousand.

The key to ending the downward spiral was to stop the commercial sales of wildlife for meat and feathers.

“A minority of people rose to care about wildlife, and rose against impossible odds,” he said.

Teddy Roosevelt and a small number of influential men were able to get laws passed protecting wildlife. They were supported by sport hunters and by women who spoke against a fashion trend of the day where women’s hats were decorated with egret feathers. Egrets and other large wading birds were nearly hunted to extinction for their feathers.

We were unable to save the passenger species, but the good news is that many species made remarkable recoveries.

Wild turkeys, Canada geese, white-tailed deer and elk are now abundant, as are egrets and herons.

In 1916 the U.S. and Canada signed the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, protecting birds that migrate through both countries and allowing for the joint management of hunted species such as ducks and geese.

The rising acceptance of science led to more scientific methods of wildlife management, although Mahoney acknowledged that the current emphasis on science in management may be coming at the expense of traditional, local “deep knowledge.” “It’s not enough to have fancy radio collars,” he said.

Some African wildlife officials had similar concerns that traditional knowledge is being ignored and lost in today’s wildlife management.

Mahoney acknowledged that there was a cultural extinction in North America with languages and cultural traditions, including wildlife knowledge was lost as white settlement advanced quickly westward.

Canada is currently involved in a process where about half of the land in the country will be jointly managed by the Canadian government and First Nations, Mahoney said.

Another criticism of the North American model is that it focuses too much on large animals popular with hunters. Mahoney conceded that the current model of wildlife protection was primarily founded by hunters, but it was not the intention to protect only hunted species. Teddy Roosevelt, who did more to protect wildlife and wild places in North America than anyone, was an avid bird watcher as well as a hunter, he said.  While all Americans contribute to national parks and wildlife to some degree through taxes, sport hunters have been a major source of funding for wildlife and for the law enforcement that protects wildlife through license fees and through excise taxes placed on sporting equipment and ammunition in the 1930s, he said.  Wild areas purchased with funds from hunters have benefitted a variety of wildlife, not just hunted species, he noted.

Mahoney notes that the percentage of the North American population who hunt and buy licenses or duck stamps is declining, and North America will need to find new ways of paying for wildlife in the future.

Today North Americans are increasingly living in urban areas and getting away from the lifestyle that led to the North American model, yet a fascination with wildlife persists. We now have talking lizards selling insurance on the television.

“All of us, great ready for a brave new world,” he advised.

Stopping Wildlife Trafficking: It’s Going to Take All of Us

Jennifer Ikemoto

Jennifer Ikemoto knew that stemming wildlife trafficking was important. Part of her career with the California and Wildlife Department was spent with special operations unit focusing on illegal sales, although they dealt mainly with species native to California, particularly abalone, white sturgeon and their eggs, and bear gall bladders.

But training for a week along with law enforcement agents from 17 African countries has put a human face on international wildlife trafficking for her.

“The Africans conservation officers are our heroes.  They have this unsurmountable plight to conserve resources. It is an uphill struggle with corruption and violations,” she said.

“They put their lives on the line,” she said.

Over the week they have developed friendships that will last, she said “I wish we could have been with them for another whole week…nothing compares with having a meal with someone, or sitting next to them on a bus, and hearing their stories.”

California has recently established a wildlife tracking team specializing in ivory and exotics. The state has a 2016 law banning the ivory trade. On Sept. 6, 2017, the Los Angeles city attorney announced that his office’s Environmental Justice Unit had filed three cases on alleged sales of ivory products from elephants and narwhals. Each violation carries a maximum penalty of a year in jail and a $40,000 fine.

“We need to keep educating people that ivory smuggling is not just an African problem and these items are not just pretty pieces that should be put in a museum, she said. We need to stop being a market. We need to end this vicious cycle,” Ikemoto said. It’s going to take all of us.”

She has been with the department for 20 years, with 17 in law enforcement.

Currently, among other roles, she is Captain of the Professional Standards Unit and Training.  Her duties include hiring new wardens, and finding qualified people who want to serve long-term in conservation law enforcement can be challenging. The Fish and Game positions typically earn less that other law enforcement bodies in the state, and as the state becomes more urbanized, fewer young people are considering careers as conservation wardens, she said.

Wildlife defenders work to overcome deadly attacks on rangers, surrounding poverty

Jean Claude Kyungu

DENVER - Jean Claude Kyungu has been attacked 13 times in nearly 20 years of protecting wildlife at Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa’s oldest and most biologically diverse national park.

“I’ve lost four rangers during those attacks,” he says. “And nowadays, every month we are losing one ranger. It is a serious challenge.”

Potentially dangerous working conditions are a part of conservation work everywhere, but particularly so in many African nations, like the Democratic Republic of Congo, where poachers and political unrest put rangers, managers and other conservationists at risk.

More than 160 rangers have sacrificed their lives protecting Virunga National Park in the last 20 years.

“We have lost 12 rangers this year,” Kyungu says. “The armed groups want to use natural resources in the park so when the rangers are doing patrols they are attacked by the armed groups.”

The country gained independence from Belgium in 1960, and afterward “saw a mix of unrest and rebellion, secession, dictatorships, armed conflict, and neighboring countries controlling parts of the D.R.C.'s territory,” according to the U.S. State Department. The country was the battle ground for the African World War (1997-2003) during which time nine African countries fought over the D.R.C’s resources, causing the deaths of upwards of five million Congolese. Armed groups still roam the country, seeking refuge in Virunga National Park and exploiting its resources.

The park, on the border with Uganda and Rwanda, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and its 3,000 square miles are home to about a quarter of the world’s critically endangered mountain gorillas; the Okapi, an endangered species resembling a zebra but more closely related to the giraffe; and large colonies of hippopotami, forest and savanna elephants, lions, and numerous rare bird species, according to the Virunga National Park website.

 “We are losing elephants, we are losing gorillas, we are losing hippos; we are losing chimps. It is a serious problem with us. So now the smaller groups of rangers are being attacked,” Kyungu says. “It is not easy to change but it is a process.”

Part of that process is trying to reduce conflicts with the local community and improve living conditions.

People started creating farms inside the park and were supported by armed groups, so Virunga has focused on clarifying the boundaries of the park and creating community conservation programs to benefit surrounding residents.

“We find out what the population needs and create projects,” says Kyungu, who has led those community conservation efforts for the last four years.

Previously, Kyungu, who has earned a doctorate in protection of gorilla habitat, led the park’s gorilla project and had created a network of community conservation reserves to protect gorillas and chimpanzees in eastern Congo.   

A minimum of 30 percent of the park’s revenues is invested in community development projects.

Projects focus on electrification, tourism, sustainable fishing and agriculture. Electrification is the central pillar.

By creating hydroelectric plants, the park can provide power to help create businesses and jobs. Already two plants have been created, and each megawatt of power generated can employ up to 1,000 people, Kyungu says.  

The goal is to eventually create power plants that will generate up to 100,000 jobs, helping local residents, including local militia members. Enabling local residents and businesses to afford the $280 hook up to the hydroelectric plants is one of the biggest challenges. The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the poorest countries in the world, with 77 percent of the populations living on $1.90 or less a day, according to the World Bank.

Despite these challenges and the dangers of his job, Kyungu is excited about applying some of the approaches he learned at the International Conservation Chiefs Academy, and having the opportunity to consult with the conservationists he met during the academy.

Most of all, his deep love for the park that keeps him going.  

“I’m passionate about conservation,” says Kyungu.

“When I was young I was travelling across the park and I was very interested in the wildlife. I started to draw the animals and rangers, and I went to the university to study conservation,” he says. “Even if we are attacked I must continue.”